Agricultural growth has received special attention in India since the establishment of economic planning. Special focus was placed on the growth of the agricultural sector only after 1965, i.e., from the mid-period of the Third Plan.
Every year since then, a large sum of money has been set aside for the growth and modernisation of this agricultural sector.
Growth:
During the
pre-green reform era, from 1951 to 1965, extra land was brought into
agriculture, including marginal areas, fallow lands, waste lands, and forest
lands. Between 1950 and 1965, the yearly rate of increase in cropland area was
fairly significant.
In India,
gross agricultural area expanded from 122 million hectares in 1949-50 to 151
million hectares in 1964-65, then to 168.4 million hectares in 2008-09.
In India, the
net planted area is projected to be 143 million hectares out of a total
cultivable area of 186 million hectares.
1.6% for all
crops, 1.4% for grain production, and 2.5% for non-food grains. However,
throughout the post-green reform era, from 1965 to 1995, land under all
products could not rise much, and the average annual growth rate in area was
also relatively low—all crops: 0.3%, grains: 1.2%, and non- food grains:
0.7%.
Productivity
of Agriculture:
Signifying the
changing link between agricultural production and one of the primary inputs,
such as land, us what a agricultural productivity means. The average yield
per hectare of land is the most often used word to measure agricultural
production.
In India,
yield per hectare of all crops has increased dramatically with the advent of
modern agricultural techniques, including the use of hybrid seeds, the
expansion of irrigation infrastructure, and the use of intensified farming
methods.
In India,
yield per hectare of all crops has increased dramatically with the advent of
modern agricultural techniques, including the use of hybrid seeds, the
expansion of irrigation infrastructure, and the use of intensified farming
methods.
During the
post-green revolution period (1965-2009), the average yields for rice and wheat
grew to 21.86 quintals and 28.91 quintals, however, indicating a significant
yearly growth rate of 3.4% for wheat and 2.3% for rice.
Furthermore,
when we compared the overall yields of various crops in India to other nations,
we discover that India falls considerably behind the world's other
industrialised countries.
In 1990-91,
the yearly average output of rice per hectare in India was just 17.5 quintals,
compared to 61.9 quintals in Japan, 41 quintals in the United States, and 54
quintals in China. Again, the yearly average wheat production per hectare in
India was just 22.7 quintals, compared to 61 quintals in France, 30 quintals in
China, and 68 quintals in Germany.
Agrarian
Structure & technology:
The structure
of land (area category) arrangement among landholders is referred to as
agrarian structure.
Peasantry has
always been a component of larger historical dynamics in India. Throughout
these historical processes, their role in the industrial organisation has
shifted dramatically.
Peasantry
always has been a part of India's broad range of research dynamics. Their
function in industrial organisation has evolved considerably during the course
of these historical processes.
During the
British period, India's agrarian system became extremely stratified. As a
result of the execution of colonial policies in India, many agricultural
classes formed.
To advance
their interests, the Britishers, in addition to creating a new land tenure
system, made successful efforts to open up road and railway links, as well as
promote export commerce in specific agricultural goods within the scope of the
colonial power's free trade policy.
Changes in
agricultural production, trade and travel, the growth of railroads and
industry, the state and administrative system were all responsible for the
shift in class relations during British rule.
Trade
& Prices:
Trade is
critical in supplying food and supplies to customers all around the world. It
contributes to increased customer preference and has helped to reduce food
shortages throughout the world.
A lot of
developments have occurred in international agriculture and food markets during
the last decades, bringing domestic and international markets increasingly
integrated.
Since the
Second World War, agricultural prices, like most other commodity prices, have
been steadily declining in inflation-adjusted terms.
Simultaneously,
the production cost for the majority of agriculture goods has gradually
climbed. The cost-price difference has been closed in a variety of methods,
including off-farm work, loans, and explicit government subsidies.
Even with
these efforts, millions of farmers in both rich and developing nations have
been unable to earn a living and have been forced to abandon their farms.
Despite the fact that many farmers have left the land, farming has not
typically abandoned the land.
Rather,
technological developments have taken the place of people as well as other
resources.
Most farms
have been cultivated in increasingly bigger units, necessitating the
procurement of larger agricultural equipment, artificial fertilisers, more
herbicides, and so on, resulting in substantial negative environmental
consequences and economic loss in many rural areas.
In addition
to the general decreasing trend in agricultural prices, there has been an
increase in price volatility. Prices are at all-time lows, despite the fact
that several commodities hit all-time highs just three years ago. Farmers
responded at the time by planting more acreage than they had previously.
Governments have sought to protect against severe market volatility caused by unpredictability in the environmental, technology and policy advances, and other sources of unequal supply.
Land predefined, import and export controls, supply chain
management, and wholesale prices are examples of government policies used to
maintain prices within acceptable limits.
Reserve
storage is another efficient method of smoothing supply, demand, and price
fluctuations.
Written By - Tanya C
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