Education policy consists of the principles and government policies in the educational sphere as well as the collection of laws and rules that govern the operation of education systems.
Why Do We Need Policies for Education?
Education occurs in many forms for many purposes through many institutions.
Examples include early childhood education, kindergarten through to 12th grade, two and four year colleges or universities, graduate and professional education, adult education and job training.
Therefore, education policy can directly affect the education people engage in at all ages.
Examples of areas subject to debate in education policy, specifically from the field of schools, include school size, class size, school choice, school privatization, tracking, teacher selection, education and certification, teacher pay, teaching methods, curricular content, graduation requirements, school infrastructure investment, and the values that schools are expected to uphold and model.
Issues in education policy also address problems within higher education.
Examples of areas subject to debate in education policy, specifically from the field of schools, include school size, class size, school choice, school privatization, tracking, teacher selection, education and certification, teacher pay, teaching methods, curricular content, graduation requirements, school infrastructure investment, and the values that schools are expected to uphold and model.
Issues in education policy also address problems within higher education.
Education Policies- Analysis of Success and failure
Education policy analysis is the scholarly study of education policy. It seeks to answer questions about the purpose of education, the objectives (societal and personal) that it is designed to attain, the methods for attaining them and the tools for measuring their success or failure.
Education Policy From Independence to Till Date:
On the eve of independence, the level of education and literacy was very low in India.
On the eve of independence, the level of education and literacy was very low in India.
In 1951, only 18.3% of people were literate out of which male literacy was 27.2% and female literacy rate was 8.9%.
The system of education given by British was highly unproductive. The aim of the Britishers was to create a class of literate people which would help them in administration, keeping in mind this limited objective, they did not pay any attention for the spread of education and literacy in India.
There were 18.3% literates in India in 1951. In primary schools, the student enrollment in the age group 6-11 years was 43 percent. The dropout rate was quite high. In 11-14 year age group i.e. from class VI to class VIII, the enrollment ratio was only 13 percent.
There were 18.3% literates in India in 1951. In primary schools, the student enrollment in the age group 6-11 years was 43 percent. The dropout rate was quite high. In 11-14 year age group i.e. from class VI to class VIII, the enrollment ratio was only 13 percent.
The enrollment ratio at high school level was 5.3%. In colleges and universities the enrollment ratio was 0.33 percent.
On the eve of independence, this enrollment ratio indicates dismal picture of literacy and education.
To streamline the education, the Govt. Implemented the recommendations of Kothari Commission under ‘National Policy on Education’ in 1968.
To streamline the education, the Govt. Implemented the recommendations of Kothari Commission under ‘National Policy on Education’ in 1968.
1. The First Education Policy- NPE 1968
The main recommendations National Policy on Education 1968 were:
- Universal primary education
- Introduction of new pattern of education
- Three language formula
- Introduction of regional language in higher education
- Development of agricultural and industrial education
- Adult education were introduced.
To combat the changing socio-economic needs of the country, Govt. Of India announced a new National Policy on Education in 1986.
2. National Policy on Education in 1986
NPE 1968 reformed and with some additional advantages NPE 1986 came in effect.
Main considerations were:
- Universalisation of primary education
- Vocationalisation of secondary education
- Specialisation of higher education.
National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) at National level and State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) at State level were established to maintain the standard of education.
University Grants Commission (UGC) was instituted to determine the standard of higher education.
Revised programme of action, Ncf and others followed them which we will discuss in part 2.
Written By: Komal Jha
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